"In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so continued until the union with Ireland in 1801". After the war, Britain received the League of Nations mandate over a number of former German and Ottoman colonies. [59] The UK Permanent Committee on Geographical Names recognises "United Kingdom" and "UK or U.K." as shortened and abbreviated geopolitical terms for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in its toponymic guidelines; it does not list "Britain" but notes 'it is only the one specific nominal term "Great Britain" which invariably excludes Northern Ireland. [564][566], The BBC, founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world. The influential Church in Wales "poet-priest" and Welsh nationalist R. S. Thomas was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1996. Votre adresse de messagerie ne sera pas publiée. In 2015, 1.68 billion passengers were carried. [135] From 1984, the economy was helped by the inflow of substantial North Sea oil revenues. She holds Poseidon's three-pronged trident and a shield, bearing the Union Flag. [64][65] The official designation for a citizen of the United Kingdom is "British citizen". All rights reserved |. These include Joseph Conrad,[507] T. S. Eliot,[508] Kazuo Ishiguro[509] and Sir Salman Rushdie. Though previous attempts at uniting the two kingdoms within Great Britain in 1606, 1667, and 1689 had proved unsuccessful, the attempt initiated in 1705 led to the Treaty of Union of 1706 being agreed and ratified by both parliaments. [380] Amongst groups for which comparable data is available for all parts of the UK level, the Other Asian category increased from 0.4 per cent to 1.4 per cent of the population between 2001 and 2011, while the Mixed category rose from 1.2 per cent to 2 per cent. [citation needed], After the defeat of France at the end of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), the United Kingdom emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). Le drapeau du Royaume-Uni est connu sous le nom de “The Union Flag” qui signifie littéralement « Le Drapeau des Unions ». The UK has proved successful in the international sporting arena in rowing. [611] Snooker is another of the UK's popular sporting exports, with the world championships held annually in Sheffield. British cuisine has absorbed the cultural influence of those who have settled in Britain, producing many hybrid dishes, such as the Anglo-Indian chicken tikka masala. [53], The term "Britain" is used both as a synonym for Great Britain,[54][55][56] and as a synonym for the United Kingdom. There are some sports in which a single team represents the whole of United Kingdom, including the Olympics, where the UK is represented by the Great Britain team. The parliament of the United Kingdom meets in the Palace of Westminster and has two houses: an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords. Jika Anda ingin menginstal file dari chiliapk.com APK pada perangkat android Anda (Telepon, Tablet, PC dengan Emulator), Anda harus mengikuti instruksi yang mudah, Anda perlu untuk memungkinkan download file APK dari sumber tak dikenal dalam pengaturan, maka Anda bisa men-download file APK dari chiliapk.com, dan menginstalnya pada … The Labour Party emerged from an alliance of trade unions and small socialist groups in 1900, and suffragettes campaigned from before 1914 for women's right to vote.[109]. [citation needed], In 2009, British films grossed around $2 billion worldwide and achieved a market share of around 7 per cent globally and 17 per cent in the United Kingdom. [citation needed] In the 18th century Daniel Defoe (author of Robinson Crusoe) and Samuel Richardson were pioneers of the modern novel. L’Écosse, le Pays de Galles et l’Irlande du Nord possèdent leurs parlements, Ils ont donc des ministres propres à leurs nations mais dépendent tout de même du Premier Ministre du Royaume-Uni. The premier national auto racing event is the British Touring Car Championship. [365] In 1950 there were probably fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in Britain, almost all born overseas. [561], Despite a history of important and successful productions, the industry has often been characterised by a debate about its identity and the level of American and European influence. [79], In 1603, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots, inherited the crowns of England and Ireland and moved his court from Edinburgh to London; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal, and religious institutions. Le nom Grande-Bretagne ne fait en fait référence qu’à l’île principale. His works have dominated London's West End since the late 20th century and have also been a commercial success worldwide. [50][51][52] It is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole. The murder rate in England and Wales has stabilised in the first half of the 2010s with a murder rate around 1 per 100,000 which is half the peak in 2002 and similar to the rate in the 1980s[229] Crime in Scotland fell slightly in 2014/2015 to its lowest level in 39 years in with 59 killings for a murder rate of 1.1 per 100,000. The bulldog is sometimes used as a symbol of the United Kingdom and has been associated with Winston Churchill's defiance of Nazi Germany. [422] Although there are no UK-wide data in the 2001 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations, it has been estimated that 62 per cent of Christians are Anglican, 13.5 per cent Catholic, 6 per cent Presbyterian, and 3.4 per cent Methodist, with small numbers of other Protestant denominations such as Plymouth Brethren, and Orthodox churches. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. [129] Despite rising living standards in the late 1950s and 1960s, the UK's economic performance was less successful than many of its main competitors such as France, West Germany and Japan. [520], According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, the term "pop music" originated in Britain in the mid-1950s to describe rock and roll's fusion with the "new youth music". [159] The highest peak in Northern Ireland is Slieve Donard in the Mourne Mountains at 852 metres (2,795 ft).[147]. Councillors are elected by the first-past-the-post system in single-member wards or by the multi-member plurality system in multi-member wards.[171]. Internationally, they are regarded as "territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible". [107] After the turn of the century, Britain's industrial dominance was challenged by Germany and the United States. The UK's name was adopted in 1927 to reflect the change. During this period, particularly in England, the development of naval power and the interest in voyages of discovery led to the acquisition and settlement of overseas colonies, particularly in North America and the Caribbean.[86][87]. ", "Queen takes over longest reign mantle after Thailand's King Bhumibol dies", World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 revision, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland", "A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945-2000", "Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements", "Statistical bulletin: Regional Labour Market Statistics", "13.4% Fall In Earnings Value During Recession", "Britain Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary", "Definition of Britain in English by Oxford Dictionaries", "Britain – Definition for English-Language Learners", "Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself? Around twenty, mostly privately owned, train operating companies operate passenger trains. A significant number of Welsh students are taught either wholly or largely in the Welsh language; lessons in Welsh are compulsory for all until the age of 16. [450] The total number of grants of settlement, which confers permanent residence in the UK without granting British citizenship,[451] was approximately 154,700 in 2013, compared to 241,200 in 2010 and 129,800 in 2012. [20] Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The British Empire reached its greatest extent, covering a fifth of the world's land surface and a quarter of its population. (England and Wales: 2011 census built-up area; There is no authorised version of the national anthem as the words are a matter of tradition; only the first verse is usually sung. [342] Between 2001 and 2011 the population increased by an average annual rate of approximately 0.7 per cent. For local government purposes, Scotland is divided into 32 council areas, with wide variation in both size and population. [223] Sheriff courts deal with most civil and criminal cases including conducting criminal trials with a jury, known as sheriff solemn court, or with a sheriff and no jury, known as sheriff summary Court. Since the early twentieth century the prime minister has held the office of. The 2011 Census recorded Gypsies/Travellers as a separate ethnic group for the first time. Cornish, which became extinct as a first language in the late 18th century, is subject to revival efforts and has a small group of second language speakers. [220], Scots law is a hybrid system based on both common-law and civil-law principles. [234] Canada, Australia and New Zealand, all of which are former colonies of the British Empire, are the most favourably viewed countries in the world by British people,[235][236] sharing a number of close diplomatic, military and cultural ties with the UK. [617] Britannia is symbolised as a young woman with brown or golden hair, wearing a Corinthian helmet and white robes. [114] The 1928 Act widened suffrage by giving women electoral equality with men. En 1603, James VI d’Ecosse devint roi d’Angleterre sous le nom de James 1er. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. The English top division, the Premier League, is the most watched football league in the world. [213], The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system as Article 19 of the 1706 Treaty of Union provided for the continuation of Scotland's separate legal system. [153] This includes nearly eight hundred islands,[154] predominantly west and north of the mainland; notably the Hebrides, Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands. The flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Flag (also referred to as the Union Jack). The UK was ranked eighth among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety. [518][519] Andrew Lloyd Webber is a prolific composer of musical theatre. [citation needed] Many successful Hollywood films have been based on British people, stories or events, including Titanic, The Lord of the Rings, and Pirates of the Caribbean. More recently the playwrights Alan Ayckbourn, Harold Pinter, Michael Frayn, Tom Stoppard and David Edgar have combined elements of surrealism, realism and radicalism. [275][276] The poverty line in the UK is commonly defined as being 60 per cent of the median household income. Apart from England, the countries have their own devolved governments,[21] each with varying powers. [68] Most of the region settled by the Anglo-Saxons became unified as the Kingdom of England in the 10th century. [125] Over the next three decades, most colonies of the British Empire gained their independence, with all those that sought independence supported by the UK, during both the transition period and afterwards. [350] In 2011, 47.3 per cent of births in the UK were to unmarried women. Ce n’est ni plus ni moins qu’un référent géographique. [588][589] Each of the Home Nations has its own football association, national team and league system. [341] It is the fourth largest in Europe (After Russia, Germany and France), the fifth-largest in the Commonwealth and the 22nd-largest in the world. "Projectile Dynamics in Sport: Principles and Applications". Total defence spending amounts to 2.0 per cent of national GDP. In 1066, the Normans and their Breton allies invaded England from northern France and after its conquest, seized large parts of Wales, conquered much of Ireland and were invited to settle in Scotland, bringing to each country feudalism on the Northern French model and Norman-French culture. [501], Britain's oldest known poem, Y Gododdin, was composed in Yr Hen Ogledd (The Old North), most likely in the late 6th century. Download La carte du Royaume Uni APK Android App. The UK remained a full member of the EU until 31 January 2020. [255][256] As other nations industrialised, coupled with economic decline after two world wars, the United Kingdom began to lose its competitive advantage and heavy industry declined, by degrees, throughout the 20th century. George Frideric Handel became a naturalised British citizen and wrote the British coronation anthem, while some of his best works, such as Messiah, were written in the English language. ", "Private school pupil numbers in decline", "Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries", "OECD Health Data 2012 – How Does the United Kingdom Compare", "BBC poll: Germany most popular country in the world", "World Service Global Poll: Negative views of Russia on the rise", "Bookish Britain overtakes America as top publisher", "Mystery of Christie's success is solved", "Edinburgh, UK appointed first UNESCO City of Literature", "British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel", "The Rolling Stones | Biography & History", "Local Groove Does Good: The Story Of Trip-Hop's Rise From Bristol", "British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2", "Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream", "Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal", "Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees", "Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977", "Harry Styles Has Weathered the Post-Boy Band Storm Better Than Most", "10 Years of One Direction: The Story of the World's Biggest Boy Band, Told With the Fans Who Made It Happen", "Adele, Coldplay biggest-selling UK artists worldwide in 2011", "Ed Sheeran's career journey: From street busker to global superstar", "A tale of two cities of culture: Liverpool vs Stavanger", "UK music single sales: genre breakdown 2016 | Statistic", "5 U.K. Rappers Primed to Take Over America in 2018", "The top 21 British directors of all time", "Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time, "Harry Potter becomes highest-grossing film franchise", "Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech", "Chicken tikka masala: Spice and easy does it", "BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand", "Publications & Policies: The History of ITV", "Comcast to buy remaining Sky shares after bid gets 95% acceptance", "Communication Market Report 2010", 19 August 2010, pp. [602], Thoroughbred racing, which originated under Charles II of England as the "sport of kings", is popular throughout the UK with world-famous races including the Grand National, the Epsom Derby, Royal Ascot and the Cheltenham National Hunt Festival (including the Cheltenham Gold Cup). The more rugged Highland region contains the majority of Scotland's mountainous land, including Ben Nevis which at 1,345 metres (4,413 ft)[156] is the highest point in the British Isles. Gascoin, J. The British and Irish governments co-operate on non-devolved matters affecting Northern Ireland through the British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference, which assumes the responsibilities of the Northern Ireland administration in the event of its non-operation. Some of the notable film score composers include John Barry, Clint Mansell, Mike Oldfield, John Powell, Craig Armstrong, David Arnold, John Murphy, Monty Norman and Harry Gregson-Williams. The Northern Ireland Executive and Assembly have powers similar to those devolved to Scotland. [478][479] England has the two oldest universities in English-speaking world, Universities of Oxford and Cambridge (jointly known as "Oxbridge") with history of over eight centuries. [439][440] The late-2000s recession in the UK reduced the economic incentive for Poles to migrate to the UK,[441] the migration becoming temporary and circular. In 2011, the UK produced 18.3 million tonnes of coal. Par exemple, combien de fois entend-t-on la “Reine d’Angleterre” ou le “Parlement Anglais” ? [503] Wales's most celebrated medieval poet, Dafydd ap Gwilym (fl.1320–1370), composed poetry on themes including nature, religion and especially love. [citation needed], According to sources which include the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the UK has either the fourth- or the fifth-highest military expenditure. [7] The Muslim population has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 2.7 million in 2011, making it the second-largest religious group in the United Kingdom. [113] The Irish Free State became independent, initially with Dominion status in 1922, and unambiguously independent in 1931. En effet, les îles Britanniques sont se composent de la Grande-Bretagne, de l’Irlande (du Nord et du Sud) et d’une multitude d’autre îles plus petites. [366] In 1951 there were an estimated 94,500 people living in Britain who had been born in South Asia, China, Africa and the Caribbean, just under 0.2 per cent of the UK population. [457] In June 2010 a temporary limit of 24,000 on immigration from outside the EU was introduced, aiming to discourage applications before a permanent cap was imposed in April 2011. [576] The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people. The UK is also closely linked with the Republic of Ireland; the two countries share a Common Travel Area and co-operate through the British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference and the British-Irish Council. [citation needed] 20th-century English writers include the science-fiction novelist H. G. Wells; the writers of children's classics Rudyard Kipling, A. It was written in Cumbric or Old Welsh and contains the earliest known reference to King Arthur. [123] Major industries and public utilities were nationalised, a welfare state was established, and a comprehensive, publicly funded healthcare system, the National Health Service, was created. Two of the top ten performing schools in terms of GCSE results in 2006 were state-run grammar schools. Les Iles Anglo-Normandes et l’Ile de Man ne font pas partie du Royaume-Uni. [398] In addition, it is estimated that about 200,000 Welsh speakers live in England. Urban areas suffered heavy bombing during the Blitz. [296] Famous British engineers and inventors of the Industrial Revolution include James Watt, George Stephenson, Richard Arkwright, Robert Stephenson and Isambard Kingdom Brunel. [363][364] The UK also has the oldest Chinese community in Europe, dating to the arrival of Chinese seamen in the 19th century. [447] Analysis of Office for National Statistics (ONS) data shows that a net total of 2.3 million migrants moved to the UK in the 15 years from 1991 to 2006. In accordance with party policy, no elected Sinn Féin members of parliament have ever attended the House of Commons to speak on behalf of their constituents because of the requirement to take an oath of allegiance to the monarch. The UK hosted the first F1 Grand Prix in 1950 at Silverstone, the location of the British Grand Prix held each year in July. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the south-east coast coming within 22 miles (35 km) of the coast of northern France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. [392], Three indigenous Celtic languages are spoken in the UK: Welsh, Irish and Scottish Gaelic. [36][37][note 13] The term "United Kingdom" has occasionally been used as a description for the former kingdom of Great Britain, although its official name from 1707 to 1800 was simply "Great Britain". Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter, with each country having a separate education system. [203], The Scottish Government and Parliament have wide-ranging powers over any matter that has not been specifically reserved to the UK Parliament, including education, healthcare, Scots law and local government. Pour commencer, il faut savoir les définir clairement. [191] The Constitution of the United Kingdom is uncodified and consists mostly of a collection of disparate written sources, including statutes, judge-made case law and international treaties, together with constitutional conventions. Political and operational responsibility for healthcare lies with four national executives; healthcare in England is the responsibility of the UK Government; healthcare in Northern Ireland is the responsibility of the Northern Ireland Executive; healthcare in Scotland is the responsibility of the Scottish Government; and healthcare in Wales is the responsibility of the Welsh Government. [496], The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time,[497][498][499] and his contemporaries Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson have also been held in continuous high esteem. 97, 164 and 191, "Social Trends 41: Lifestyles and social participation", "Top 20 countries with the highest number of Internet users", "Los Angeles to build world's most expensive stadium complex", "Opening ceremony of the games of the XXX Olympiad", "Rugby Union 'Britain's Second Most Popular Sport, "The father of football deserves much more", "History and time are key to power of football, says Premier League chief", "Why is there no GB Olympics football team? It is estimated that 96.7 per cent of households are connected to the sewer network. Leading Welsh novelists of the twentieth century include Richard Llewellyn and Kate Roberts. À titre de comparaison, la Grande-Bretagne est semblable à la Péninsule Ibérique, c’est une zone où cohabitent plusieurs pays : l’Espagne, le Portugal et Andorre mais n’a aucune dimension politique ou économique. Acts from Liverpool have had 54 UK chart number one hit singles, more per capita than any other city worldwide. In the mid-1970s, 130 million tonnes of coal were produced annually, not falling below 100 million tonnes until the early 1980s. [604] The oldest golf tournament in the world, and the first major championship in golf, The Open Championship, is played annually on the weekend of the third Friday in July. Churchill engaged industry, scientists and engineers to advise and support the government and the military in the prosecution of the war effort. [132][133][134], Following a period of widespread economic slowdown and industrial strife in the 1970s, the Conservative government of the 1980s under Margaret Thatcher initiated a radical policy of monetarism, deregulation, particularly of the financial sector (for example, the Big Bang in 1986) and labour markets, the sale of state-owned companies (privatisation), and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. Atlantic currents, warmed by the Gulf Stream, bring mild winters;[163] especially in the west where winters are wet and even more so over high ground. Em primeiro lugar, você deve permitir que o dispositivo, instalar arquivos .apk de recursos desconhecidos. The geographical division of the United Kingdom into counties or shires began in England and Scotland in the early Middle Ages and was complete throughout Great Britain and Ireland by the early Modern Period. It is not subject to state control, and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government" upon his or her accession. [43][44] The UK Prime Minister's website has used the phrase "countries within a country" to describe the United Kingdom. [442] In 2009, for the first time since enlargement, more nationals of the eight central and eastern European states that had joined the EU in 2004 left the UK than arrived. [citation needed] Since the height of the British Empire in the late 19th century, Britannia has often been associated with British maritime dominance, as in the patriotic song "Rule, Britannia!". Il est dirigé par le secrétaire d’Etat chargé du Pays de Galles. Gibney, Matthew J.; Hansen, Randall (2005). [224] The Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts for a criminal trial: "guilty", "not guilty" and "not proven".
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