[37] Similarly, the Romani, numbering roughly 12 million in Europe[38] trace their origins to the Indian subcontinent, and their presence in Europe is first attested to in the Middle Ages.[39][40]. [citation needed], William Safran in an article published in 1991,[20] set out six rules to distinguish diasporas from migrant communities. In Africa, a new series of diasporas formed following the end of colonial rule. Many Lebanese expats are helping their compatriots in Beirut individually or have started online fundraisers. Here, Brubaker cites "transethnic and transborder linguistic categories...such as Francophone, Anglophone and Lusophone 'communities'", along with Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Confucian, Huguenot, Muslim and Catholic 'diasporas'. [3][4] According to other estimates, the number of Lebanese living outside the country is thought to at least double the number of citizens living inside,[1] which means at least 8 million people. Keaton, and Stephen Small. He said many fellow compatriots are doing the same, channelling their grief and anger towards helping their stricken homeland, which before the explosion was already reeling from a deep economic and political crisis that has left more than half the population living in poverty. For example, science diasporas are communities of scientists who conduct their research away from their homeland. The Lebanese government increasingly sees the diaspora as a critical resource for investment and new immigrants. The population of Brazil of either full or partial Lebanese descent is estimated at 7 [7] million people by Arab-Brazilian organizations. [1] This has since changed, and today there is no set definition of the term because its modern meaning has evolved over time. The third wave began in the 1970s as land shortages intensified and the pool of educated labor greatly exceeded job openings in Nepal. The list below contains approximate figures for people of full or partial Lebanese descent by country of residence, largely taken from the iLoubnan diaspora map. In this sense, individuals may have multiple homes throughout their diaspora, with different reasons for maintaining some form of attachment to each. Donna Shalala • Later, other eastern European refugees moved west, away from Soviet expansion[61] and from the Iron Curtain regimes established as World War II ended. Many Lebanese expats are helping their compatriots in Beirut individually or have started online fundraisers. Bechara Boutros al-Rahi • “As a first step, my wife Hala and I will match at least $10,000 in donations and later on we will provide more help towards rebuilding and other projects,” Habib Haddad, a tech entrepreneur and member of LebNet based in Boston, Massachusetts, told AFP news agency. Over the course of time, immigration has indeed yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world.[12]. I live in Canada but part of my heart is still there.”, Scenes from Beirut after massive deadly explosion (3:29), Hundreds of thousands left homeless by Beirut explosion (11:20), In Pictures: Glass Fire in California quadruples in size, Five takeaways from Trump’s tax return report, Iran’s Zarif slams Europe and US for human rights scrutiny, Iraq: Five civilians killed in Baghdad rocket attack, Nagorno-Karabakh battles rage for second day: Live news, Why you should care about conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, Israel’s ‘silent transfer’ of Palestinians out of Palestine, ‘The future is uncertain’: India coronavirus cases top 6 million, Al Jazeera Centre for Public Liberties & Human Rights. During the Atlantic slave trade, 9.4 to 12 million people from West Africa survived transportation to the Americas and arrived there as slaves. Some diaspora communities maintain strong political ties with their homeland. John Abizaid • [10], The term is derived from the Greek verb διασπείρω (diaspeirō), "I scatter", "I spread about" which in turn is composed of διά (dia), "between, through, across" and the verb σπείρω (speirō), "I sow, I scatter". [57], In the People's Republic of China, millions of migrant workers have sought greater opportunity in the country's booming coastal metropolises,[when?] Fairuz • Many were murdered in the religious violence of the period, with estimates of fatalities up to 2 million people. In Southeast Asia, many Vietnamese people emigrated to France and later millions to the United States, Australia and Canada after the Cold War-related Vietnam War of 1955-1975. The largest concentration of Lebanese outside the Middle East is in Brazil, which has, according to some sources, at least 6 million Brazilians of Lebanese ancestry, making Brazil's population of Lebanese more than twice that of the entire population of Lebanon. Other Europeans moved to Siberia, Africa, and Australasia. U.S. Presidency Candidate Ralph Nader • Ray LaHood • The Christians trace their origin to several waves of emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman empire. International Journal of Multicultural Societies 8 (1), 1–3, Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier, Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. [26], Some observers have labeled evacuation from New Orleans and the Gulf Coast in the wake of Hurricane Katrina the New Orleans diaspora, since a significant number of evacuees have not been able to return, yet maintain aspirations to do so. Lebanese expats rushed to wire money to loved ones who lost their homes or were injured in the blast on Tuesday that killed at least 135 people, while others worked to create special funds to address the tragedy. The 1947 Partition in the Indian subcontinent resulted in the migration of millions of people between India, Pakistan and present-day Bangladesh. Many Lebanese expats, who almost all have loved ones or friends affected by the disaster, are also helping individually or have started online fundraisers. Kenny, Kevin, Diaspora: A Very Short Introduction. Currently around 25% of Lebanese citizens resident in Lebanon are Muslim and around 75% are Christian. [25] Brubaker has used the WorldCat database to show that 17 out of the 18 books on diaspora published between 1900 and 1910 were on the Jewish diaspora. Upheaval in the Middle East and Central Asia, some of which related to power struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union, produced new refugee populations that developed into global diasporas. Lebanese diaspora refers to Lebanese migrants and their descendants who, whether by choice or coercion, emigrated from Lebanon and now reside in other countries. At least three waves of Nepalese diaspora can be identified. International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 2006. Such colonizing migrations cannot be considered indefinitely as diasporas; over very long periods, eventually, the migrants assimilate into the settled area so completely that it becomes their new mental homeland. [17], According to the Oxford English Dictionary Online, the first known recorded usage of the word diaspora in the English language was in 1876 referring "extensive diaspora work (as it is termed) of evangelizing among the National Protestant Churches on the continent". Most migrants were illiterate or poorly educated peasants, called by the now-recognized racial slur coolies (Chinese: 苦力, literally "hard labor"), who migrated to developing countries in need of labor, such as the Americas, Australia, South Africa, Southeast Asia, Malaya and other places. In the United States of America, approximately 4.3 million people moved outside their home states in 2010, according to IRS tax-exemption data. In the 19th century alone over 50 million Europeans migrated to North and South America. [73], There are numerous web-based news portals and forum sites dedicated to specific diaspora communities, often organized on the basis of an origin characteristic and a current location characteristic. [35], Currently, migrant[vague] Africans can only enter thirteen African countries without advanced visas. In, Jayasuriya, S. and Pankhurst, R. eds. The Figure below uses the data from the list and calculates the amount of Lebanese residents as a percentage of the total population of the respective country. The first phase Migration-Period displacement (between CE 300 and 500) included relocation of the Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths), Vandals, Franks, various other Germanic peoples (Burgundians, Lombards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi, Alemanni, Varangians and Normans), Alans and numerous Slavic tribes. The recent application of the word "diaspora" to the Viking lexicon highlights their cultural profile distinct from their predatory reputation in the regions they settled, especially in the North Atlantic. [4][5][6], Some notable diasporas are the African diaspora which primarily includes the descendants of the Africans who were transported to the Americas during the Transatlantic slave trade; the Assyrian Diaspora which originated during and after the Arab conquest of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran, and continued in the aftermath of the Assyrian Genocide; the southern Chinese or Indians who left their homelands during the 19th century; the Irish who left Ireland during and after the Great Famine; the Romani from India; the Italian diaspora and the Mexican diaspora; the exile and deportation of Circassians; the Palestinian diaspora following the flight or expulsion of Arabs from Palestine;[7] the Armenian Diaspora following the Armenian Genocide; the Lebanese Diaspora due to the Lebanese Civil War;[8] the fleeing of Greeks from Turkey after the fall of Constantinople, the later Greek Genocide, and the Istanbul pogroms, and the emigration of Anglo-Saxon warriors and their families after the Norman Conquest, primarily to the Byzantine Empire.[9]. conflict and poor economic conditions. There are more Lebanese living outside Lebanon (6 to 9 million), than within the country (4 million). Prior to World War II and the re-establishment of Israel in 1948, a series of anti-Jewish pogroms broke out in the Arab world and caused many to flee, mostly to Palestine/Israel. Thousands of refugees from deteriorating conditions in Zimbabwe have gone to South Africa. Thus the modern Magyars of Hungary do not feel that they belong in the Western Siberia that the Hungarian Magyars left 12 centuries ago; and the English descendants of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes do not yearn to reoccupy the plains of Northwest Germany. [68], A new Jamaican diaspora formed around the start of the 21st century. Historically, the word diaspora was used to refer to the involuntary mass dispersion of a population from its indigenous territories, in particular the dispersion of African Americans. Prior to the trans-Atlantic slave trade, millions of Africans had moved and settled as merchants, seamen, and slaves in different parts of Europe and Asia. Because of the economic opportunities, many Lebanese have also worked in the Arab World, most notably Arab states of the Persian Gulf like Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. 1991. [29][30] Agnieszka Weinar (2010) notes the widening use of the term, arguing that recently, "a growing body of literature succeeded in reformulating the definition, framing diaspora as almost any population on the move and no longer referring to the specific context of their existence". Amal Clooney • [72], Following the presidency of Hugo Chávez and the establishment of his Bolivarian Revolution, over 1.6 million Venezuelans emigrated from Venezuela in what has been called the Bolivarian diaspora. Of the diaspora, 1.2 million are Lebanese citizens. have noted that diaspora may result in a loss of nostalgia for a single home as people "re-root" in a series of meaningful displacements. allow people to move freely between the 54 countries of the AU under a visa free passport and encourage migrants to return to Africa. Greeks founded more than 400 colonies. Carlos Slim • This has since changed, and today there is no set definition of the term because its modern meaning has evolved over time. 2008. [15] It subsequently came to be used to refer to the historical movements and settlement patterns of the dispersed indigenous population of Israel. Professional communities of individuals no longer in their homeland can also be considered diaspora. Lebanese diaspora refers to Lebanese migrants and their descendants who, whether by choice or coercion, emigrated from Lebanon and now reside in other countries. To counteract the change in these demographics, the South Korean government initiated a diaspora-engagement policy in 1997. 2005. While corporate diaspora seems to avoid or contradict connotations of violence, coercion, and unnatural uprooting historically associated with the notion of diaspora, its scholarly use may heuristically describe the ways in which corporations function alongside diasporas. In Siam, regional power struggles among several kingdoms in the region led to a large diaspora of ethnic Lao between the 1700s–1800s by Siamese rulers to settle large areas of the Siamese kingdom's northeast region, where Lao ethnicity is still a major factor in 2012. A 2016 television ad tried to entice Lebanese in the United States to move to Lebanon to help improve the standard of living. [citation needed] Thousands of former subjects of the British Raj went to the UK from the Indian subcontinent after India and Pakistan became independent in 1947.
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