[209] Taxicabs and DiDi play major roles in urban transportation and DiDi is often cheaper than taxis.[210]. Shanghai is a global center for finance, research, technology, manufacturing, and transportation, and the Port of Shanghai is the world's busiest container port. [50] The foreign concessions were ultimately occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945; multiple war crimes were committed during that time.[51]. [198] A one-way ticket costs CN¥50 (US$8), or CN¥40 (US$6.40) for those with airline tickets or public transportation cards. The following December, the land area of Shanghai was further expanded to 5,910 km2 (2,281.9 sq mi) after more surrounding suburban areas in Jiangsu were added: Chongming, Jinshan, Qingpu, Fengxian, Chuansha, and Nanhui. Along Shanghai's eastern shore, the destruction of local wetlands due to the construction of Pudong International Airport has been partially offset by the protection and expansion of a nearby shoal, Jiuduansha, as a nature preserve. La bourse de Shanghai (Shanghai Stock Exchange) est la deuxième bourse asiatique et la 6e mondiale (en terme de capitalisation). [306] During the December 2013 Eastern China smog, air pollution rates reached between 23 and 31 times the international standard. [45] These Shanghai Russians constituted the second-largest foreign community. [278] The movie In the Mood for Love directed by Wong Kar-wai, a Shanghai native, depicts a slice of the displaced Shanghainese community in Hong Kong and the nostalgia for that era, featuring 1940s music by Zhou Xuan. [156] The religion also has its own college, the Shanghai Buddhist College [zh], and its own press, Shanghai Buddhological Press [zh]. Winters are temperate to cold and damp—northwesterly winds from Siberia can cause nighttime temperatures to drop below freezing. [187][188] The consecutive three-year senior secondary education is priced and uses the Senior High School Entrance Examination (Zhongkao) as a selection process, with a gross enrollment ratio of 98%. [69] Shanghai is also home to many architecturally distinctive and even eccentric buildings, including the Shanghai Museum, the Shanghai Grand Theatre, the Shanghai Oriental Art Center, and the Oriental Pearl Tower. Although every district has its own urban core, the city hall and major administrative units are located in Huangpu District, which also serves as a commercial area, including the famous Nanjing Road. [65], The most pleasant seasons are generally spring, although changeable and often rainy, and autumn, which is usually sunny and dry. [138], Tourism is a major industry of Shanghai. However, the Jewish refugees' stay in Kobe was short as the Japanese government transferred them to Shanghai by November 1941. The two Chinese characters in the city's name are 上 (shàng/zan, "upon") and 海 (hǎi/hae, "sea"), together meaning "Upon the Sea". The main venue is in Fuxing Park, and the opening and closing ceremonies are held in the Shanghai Fashion Center. [223][224], Shanghai also has four commuter railways: Pudong railway (passenger service is currently suspended) and Jinshan railway operated by China Railway, and Line 16 and Line 17 operated by Shanghai Metro. [157] As of 2014[update], Buddhism in Shanghai had 114 temples, 1,182 clergical staff, and 453,300 registered followers. [279], Since 2001, Shanghai has held its own fashion week called Shanghai Fashion Week twice every year in April and October. [7], Downtown Shanghai is bisected by the Huangpu River, a man-made tributary of the Yangtze created by order of Lord Chunshen during the Warring States period. Shanghai se trouve en/au Chine sur le fuseau horaire Asia/Shanghai. [55], As the industrial center of China with the most skilled industrial workers, Shanghai became a center for radical leftism during the 1950s and 1960s. 1–2. Many areas in the former foreign concessions are also well-preserved, the most notable being the French Concession. Board of Directors of the Oriental Library, Nicole Huang, "Introduction," in Eileen Chang, Written on Water, translated by Andrew F. Jones (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), XI. The central financial district, Lujiazui, has been established on the east bank of the Huangpu (Pudong). [184][185] In 2013, the Shanghai Municipality and the Chinese Academy of Sciences founded the ShanghaiTech University in the Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park in Pudong. Other notable parks in Shanghai include Lu Xun Park, Century Park, Gucun Park [zh], Gongqing Forest Park, and Jing'an Park. Publié pour la première fois en 1934 (en noir et blanc), Le Lotus bleuraconte les tribulations du jeune reporter dans la ville des concessions et des fumeries d’opiu… [27] It was upgraded in status from a village to a market town in 1074, and in 1172, a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline, supplementing an earlier dike. Wichita Mid-Continent est partiellement accessible aux voyageurs en provenance de : Shanghai. Autres images sélectionnées au sein du portail Shanghai, Site historique et culturel majeur protégé au niveau national à Shanghai, COVID-19 en Chine : Shanghai Disneyland rouvre après avoir fermé en janvier 2020, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portail:Shanghai&oldid=117377173, Portail comptant entre 100 et 999 articles, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions. Shanghai est devenu le premier port mondial, tous trafics confondus, depuis 2005. [101], Officials with ties to the Shanghai administration collectively form a powerful faction in the central government known as the Shanghai Clique, which has often been viewed to compete against the rival Youth League Faction over personnel appointments and policy decisions. [254] Haipai cuisine, on the other hand, is a Western-influenced cooking style that originated in Shanghai. In 2011, the largest botanical garden in Shanghai—Shanghai Chen Shan Botanical Garden—opened in Songjiang District.[301]. Location of Shanghai Municipality in China. [256] Both Benbang and Haipai cuisine make use of a variety of seafood, including freshwater fish, shrimps, and crabs. Signature dishes of Benbang cuisine include Xiaolongbao, Red braised pork belly, and Shanghai hairy crab. [25] Fishermen living in the Shanghai area then created a fish tool called the hù, which lent its name to the outlet of Suzhou Creek north of the Old City and became a common nickname and abbreviation for the city. [212][213] The Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge is the city's only bridge–tunnel complex across Yangtze River. Under the new People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai was one of only three municipalities not merged into neighboring provinces (the others being Beijing and Tianjin). "Shanghai Studies: An evolving academic field", This page was last edited on 12 April 2021, at 19:59. [66][67], The Bund, located by the bank of the Huangpu River, is home to a row of early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the neoclassical HSBC Building to the Art Deco Sassoon House (now part of the Peace Hotel). [25] During the Warring States period (475 BC), Shanghai was part of the fief of Lord Chunshen of Chu, one of the Four Lords of the Warring States. Two HSRs are under construction: Shanghai–Nantong railway and Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou HSR [zh]. In Shanghai, the nine years of compulsory education—including five years of primary education and four years of junior secondary education—are free, with a gross enrollment ratio of over 99.9%. The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze, with the Huangpu River flowing through it. Bicycle lanes are common in Shanghai, separating non-motorized traffic from car traffic on most surface streets. [10] Shanghai's six largest industries—retail, finance, IT, real estate, machine manufacturing, and automotive manufacturing—comprise about half the city's GDP. La Chine est un pays d’Asie de l’Est. Les échanges de marchandises (à partir de la compagnie de transport maritime CMA CGM) L'imbrication et la complémentarité des deux thèmes expliquent le choix de les traiter ensemble. The refugees from Europe were interned into a cramped ghetto in the Hongkou District,[52] and after the Japanese invasion of Pearl Harbor, even the Iraqi Jews who had been living in Shanghai from before the outbreak of WWII were interned. The $4.4 billion theme park and resort in Pudong features a castle that is the biggest among Disney's resorts. In regard to foreign publications in Shanghai, Hartmut Walravens of the IFLA Newspapers Section said that when the Japanese controlled Shanghai in the 1940s "it was very difficult to publish good papers – one either had to concentrate on emigration problems, or cooperate like the Chronicle".[321]. [110], Shanghai has been described as the "showpiece" of the booming economy of China. [43] During the ensuing decades, citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work; those who stayed for long periods—some for generations—called themselves "Shanghailanders". [71] His most notable Art Deco buildings include the Park Hotel, the Grand Cinema, and the Paramount. Le 19 septembre 1966 est inaugurée de la première liaison aérienne occidentale Paris- Shanghai. [134] In August 2014, fDi magazine named Shanghai the "Chinese Province of the Future 2014/15" due to "particularly impressive performances in the Business Friendliness and Connectivity categories, as well as placing second in the Economic Potential and Human Capital and Lifestyle categories". He ordered the excavation of the Huangpu River. Yet, even during the most tumultuous times of the revolution, Shanghai was able to maintain economic production with positive annual growth rate. With cricket in the rest of China almost non-existent, for that period they were the de facto China national cricket team. Shanghai is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of the Government of the People's Republic of China,[104] and is divided into 16 county-level districts. Extrait du guide Cartoville Shanghai. According to the International Congress and Convention Association, Shanghai hosted 82 international meetings in 2018, a 34% increase from 61 in 2017. Shanghai is considered to be the birthplace of Chinese cinema. Scholars have theorized that this likely reflected the town's economic importance, as opposed to its low political status. [145], As of 2019[update], Shanghai had a total population of 24,281,400, including 14,504,300 (59.7%) hukou holders (registered locally). La ville s'est développée tout d'abord exclusivement à Puxi mais, sous l'impulsion du gouvernement, Pudong est devenu une zone de construction de hautes technologies où les entreprises et autres gratte-ciels se multiplient. [59] As of 2020, Shanghai is classified as an Alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, making it one of the world's Top 10 major cities.[60]. Textes et manuels, Shanghai sur Wikiversité C’est dans cette Shanghai cosmopolite et troublante qu’Hergé, le créateur des Aventures de Tintin, puisa son inspiration pour produire l’album Le Lotus bleu. [58] Its importance to the fiscal well-being of the central government also denied it from economic liberalizations begun in 1978. [83] It is featured in its double-skin facade design, which eliminates the need for either layer to be opaqued for reflectivity as the double-layer structure has already reduced the heat absorption. [263] During the Republic of China, many famous artists including Zhang Daqian, Liu Haisu, Xu Beihong, Feng Zikai, and Yan Wenliang settled in Shanghai, allowing it to gradually become the art center of China. The land is formed by the Yangtze's natural deposition and modern land reclamation projects. [156] Another significant temple is the Jade Buddha Temple, which was named after a large statue of Buddha carved out of jade in the temple. Proudly powered by Weebly. [200] By 1925, there were 328 tramcars and 14 routes operated by Chinese, French, and British companies collaboratively,[201] all of which were nationalized after the PRC's victory in 1949. However, on some main roads, including all expressways, bicycles and motorcycles are banned. The city has several major institutes of theater training, including the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, the Shanghai Dramatic Arts Centre, the Shanghai Opera House, and the Shanghai Theatre Academy. [239] Haipai culture emerged after Shanghai became a prosperous port in the early 20th century, with numerous foreigners from Europe, America, Japan, and India moving into the city. [300] Shanghai Botanical Garden is located 12 km (7 mi) southwest of the city center and was established in 1978. The city then flourished, becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s. [307][308] On 6 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter in Shanghai rose above 600 micrograms per cubic meter and in the surrounding area, above 700 micrograms per cubic metre. Established in 746 (the fifth year of the Tang Tianbao era), it developed into what historically called a "giant town of the Southeast", with thirteen temples and seven pagodas. [313] The effect of the policy was significant. [288], Shanghai is home to many prominent Chinese professional athletes, such as basketball player Yao Ming,[286] 110-meter hurdler Liu Xiang,[289] table tennis player Wang Liqin,[290] and badminton player Wang Yihan. By 1957, there were only one hundred Jews remaining in Shanghai. 申 (Shēn) or 申城 (Shēnchéng, "Shen City") was an early name originating from Lord Chunshen, a 3rd-century BC nobleman and prime minister of the state of Chu, whose fief included modern Shanghai. [243] Futuristic structures, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower and the neon-illuminated Yan'an Elevated Road, are examples that have boosted Shanghai's cyberpunk image. [174][180][181] Fudan University established a joint EMBA program with Washington University in St. Louis in 2002 which has since consistently been ranked as one of the best in the world. Those are in turn divided into the following village-level divisions: 3,661 neighborhood committees and 1,704 village committees. Shanghai et ses 23 millions d'habitants ont une vieille tradition d'ouverture sur le monde. [182][183] The city government's education agency is the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission. Around the same time, a Shanghai-style Beijing Opera was formed. [208], As of 2019[update], a total of 40,000 taxis were in operation in Shanghai. [81] Among the most prominent examples are the 421 m (1,381 ft) high Jin Mao Tower, the 492 m (1,614 ft) high Shanghai World Financial Center, and the 632 m (2,073 ft) high Shanghai Tower, which is the tallest building in China and the second tallest in the world. The city has many Chinese–foreign joint education institutes [zh], such as the Shanghai University–University of Technology Sydney Business School since 1994, the University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute since 2006, and New York University Shanghai—the first China–U.S. Shanghai's Muslim population increased in the 19th and early 20th centuries (when the city was a treaty port), during which time many mosques—including the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque, the Huxi Mosque, and the Pudong Mosque—were built. Hergé n’y mit jamais les pieds, mais bénéficia des connaissances de son ami chinois, Zhang Chongren, un étudiant originaire de Shanghai, qui servira de modèle à l’attachant personnage homonyme. [120] Shanghai's nominal GDP is projected to reach US$1.3 trillion in 2035 (ranking first in China), making it one of the world's Top 5 major cities in terms of GRP according to a study by Oxford Economics. 200002 Shanghai. As such, the vast majority of its 6,340.5 km2 (2,448.1 sq mi) land area is flat, with an average elevation of 4 m (13 ft). This honor was usually reserved for prefectural capitals and not normally given to a mere county seat such as Shanghai. [10] The system is operated by multiple companies. About 11,500 people were unjustly persecuted to death. The earliest occurrence of this name dates from the 11th-century Song dynasty, when there was already a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. As of 2015[update], these county-level divisions are further divided into the following 210 township-level divisions: 109 towns, 2 townships, and 99 subdistricts. According to a 2012 survey, only 13.1% of the city's population belongs to organized religions, including Buddhists with 10.4%, Protestants with 1.9%, Catholics with 0.7%, and other faiths with 0.1% while the remaining 86.9% of the population could be either atheists or involved in worship of nature deities and ancestors or folk religious sects. [276] China's first short film, The Difficult Couple (1913), and the country's first fictional feature film, An Orphan Rescues His Grandfather (孤儿救祖记, 1923)[277] were both produced in Shanghai. "The West Bank", or "West of the River Pu"), the older part of urban Shanghai on the west bank of the Huangpu River. joint venture university—since 2012. [293], On 21 September 2017, Shanghai hosted a National Hockey League (NHL) ice hockey exhibition game in an effort to increase fan interest for the 2017–18 NHL season.[294]. [190] As of October 2019[update], the city's National College Entrance Examination (Gaokao) is structured under the "3+3" system, in which all general senior high school students study three compulsory subjects (Chinese, English, and math) and three subjects chosen from six options (physics, chemistry, biology, history, geography, and politics). [154], Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a blend of religious heritage; religious buildings and institutions are scattered around the city. Elle est située sur la rivière de Huangpu près de l'embouchure du Yangzi Jiang, à l'est de la Chine. [82] Completed in 2015, the tower takes the form of nine twisted sections stacked atop each other, totaling 128 floors. Shanghai (Chinese: 上海, Shanghainese pronunciation [zɑ̃̀.hɛ́] (listen), Standard Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂâŋ.xài] (listen)) is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China, governed by the State Council. Aspirations and reality, and implications for Hong Kong", All About Shanghai. Même lors des mois les plus secs, les précipitations restent assez importantes. It is roughly equidistant from Beijing and Guangzhou, bordering the East China Sea to the east, Zhejiang to the south, and Jiangsu to the west and north. [62] The municipality's northernmost point is on Chongming Island, which is the second-largest island in mainland China after its expansion during the 20th century. Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangtze Delta, 2004, pp.10–11. 7 rue de l’Héronnière BP 43302 44033 Nantes Cedex 1 France +33 (0)2 40 69 74 14 [10], The conference and meeting sector is also growing. [215], Private car ownership in Shanghai is rapidly increasing: in 2019, there were 3.40 million private cars in the city, a 12.5% increase from 2018. By 1932, Shanghai had become the world's fifth largest city and home to 70,000 foreigners. The plan included a public museum, library, sports stadium, and city hall, which were partially constructed before being interrupted by the Japanese invasion. In addition, there are numerous smaller, specialist museums housed in important archaeological and historical sites, such as the Songze Museum,[250] the Museum of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, the Former Site of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea [zh; ko],[251] the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum, and the Shanghai Post Office Museum [zh] (located in the General Post Office Building). As of 2020, Shanghai is classified as an Alpha+ (global first-tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network and ranked as having the 3rd most competitive and largest financial center in the world behind New York City and London. Britain, France, and the United States all carved out outside the walled city of Shanghai, which was still ruled by the Chinese. [61] The provincial-level Municipality of Shanghai administers both the estuary and many of its surrounding islands. [266] The city also has many art galleries, many of which are located in the M50 Art District and Tianzifang. On 3 September 1945, the Chinese Army liberated the Ghetto and most of the Jews left over the next few years. [69] One of the most famous architects working in Shanghai was László Hudec, a Hungarian-Slovak who lived in the city between 1918 and 1947. Seven of the districts govern Puxi (lit. [26], During the Tang and Song dynasties, Qinglong Town (青龙镇[d]) in modern Qingpu District was a major trading port. This is different from the official Chinese dialect, Mandarin, which is mutually unintelligible with Wu Chinese. They often cannot speak the local language and therefore use Putonghua as a lingua franca. Because Putonghua and English were more favored, Shanghainese began to decline, and fluency among young speakers weakened. Shanghai is a major hub of China's expressway network. Jean-Marc F. Blanchard "China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia" (2019). Elle est située sur la rivière de Huangpu près de l'embouchure du Yangzi Jiang, à l'est de la Chine. Most inbound flights were canceled, and more than 50 flights at Pudong International Airport were diverted. [32] The war ended in 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking, which opened Shanghai as one of the five treaty ports for international trade. [149] According to the OECD, Shanghai's metropolitan area has an estimated population of 34 million. [246][247] The Shanghai Museum has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts in the world, including a large collection of ancient Chinese bronzes and ceramics. [299], One of Shanghai's newer parks is the Xujiahui Park, which was built in 1999, on the former grounds of the Great Chinese Rubber Works Factory and the EMI Recording Studio (now La Villa Rouge restaurant). [244] This is in part due to the city's 2018 development plans, which aim to make Shanghai "an excellent global city". [44] In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 White Russians fled the newly established Soviet Union to reside in Shanghai. Authorities pulled nearly one-third of government vehicles from the roads, while much construction work was halted. Il semble aujourd'hui que la ville soit en passe de retrouver la place de centre financier de l'Asie qu'elle occupait auparavant. Les précipitations annuelles moyennes sont de 1327 mm. [55] On 17 January 1958, Jiading, Baoshan, and Shanghai County in Jiangsu became part of Shanghai Municipality, which expanded to 863 km2 (333.2 sq mi). Consulates General/consulates in Shanghai, Original Minhang District and Shanghai County until 1992. 5The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. Shanghai's film industry grew during the early 1930s, generating stars such as Hu Die, Ruan Lingyu, Zhou Xuan, Jin Yan, and Zhao Dan. Shanghai est la ville la plus peuplée de Chine (en termes de population urbaine). As such, it has sandy soil, and skyscrapers are to be built with deep concrete piles to avoid sinking into the soft ground. [206], Shanghai also has the world's most extensive bus network, including the world's oldest continuously operating trolleybus system, with 1,575 lines covering a total length of 8,997 km (5,590 mi) by 2019. Among the refugees in the Shanghai Ghetto was the Mirrer Yeshiva, including its students and faculty. 1.1. In addition, the Chinese Painting Academy features traditional Chinese painting,[265] while the Power Station of Art displays contemporary art. [287], The Shanghai Cricket Club dates back to 1858 when the first recorded cricket match was played between a team of British Naval officers and a Shanghai 11. [216] According to the city's vehicle regulations introduced in June 2016, only locally registered residents and those who have paid social insurance or individual income taxes for over three years are eligible to be in the auction. In 2018, Pudong International Airport served 74.0 million passengers and handled 3.8 million tons of cargo, making it the ninth-busiest airport by passenger volume and third-busiest airport by cargo volume. Lors de ma participation à la China International Import Expo 2019 de Shanghai, en Chine, j’ai soutenu que grâce à sa stratégie “One Belt, one Road”, la Chine est désormais en train de s’assurer que la croissance mondiale contribuera à son tour à consolider la puissance économique chinoise à long terme. More than 10,000 shops and hundreds of factories and public buildings[48] were destroyed, leaving Zhabei district ruined. [296], Zhongshan Park in western central Shanghai is famous for its monument of Chopin, the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world. [282], Shanghai is home to several soccer teams, including two in the Chinese Super League: Shanghai Greenland Shenhua[283] and Shanghai Port. After the war, with the CPC takeover of mainland China in 1949, trade was limited to other socialist countries, and the city's global influence declined. [10], Shanghai is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and the Eastern Europe.[235][236][237][238]. [121], Shanghai was the largest and most prosperous city in East Asia during the 1930s, and its rapid redevelopment began in the 1990s. [34], The Chinese-held Old City of Shanghai fell to rebels from the Small Swords Society in 1853, but was recovered by the Qing government in February 1855. Cultural curation in Shanghai has seen significant growth since 2013, with several new museums having been opened in the city. Sanmao was created to dramatize the chaos created by the Second Sino-Japanese War. [241][242] In the early 21st century, Shanghai has been recognized as a new influence and inspiration for cyberpunk culture. [30], During the Qing dynasty, Shanghai became one of the most important sea ports in the Yangtze Delta region as a result of two important central government policy changes: in 1684, the Kangxi Emperor reversed the Ming dynasty prohibition on oceangoing vessels—a ban that had been in force since 1525; and in 1732, the Qianlong Emperor moved the customs office for Jiangsu province (江海关;[e] see Customs House, Shanghai) from the prefectural capital of Songjiang to Shanghai, and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for Jiangsu's foreign trade.
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