[271], The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is an ecoregion which covers most of the Pontic Mountains in northern Turkey, while the Caucasus mixed forests extend across the eastern end of the range. Is North America And South America One Continent. [456], In 2016 the Skills Matter survey conducted by OECD found the levels of numeracy and literacy in the adult population of Turkey at rank 30 of the 33 OECD countries surveyed. [506][507] Beşiktaş won the 2011–12 FIBA EuroChallenge,[508] and Galatasaray won the 2015–16 Eurocup. When three powers (executive, legislative and judiciary) are taken into account as the main functions of the state, local administrations have little power. [253] Freedom House lists Turkey's media as not free. The very first painting lessons were scheduled at what is now the Istanbul Technical University (then the Imperial Military Engineering School) in 1793, mostly for technical purposes. The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the 18th through the 13th century BC. since 2004 have proven to be a highly controversial topic in Turkey. [98] With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father Turk). [412] Some have also complained that under the Islamist government of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and Tayyip Erdoğan, the old role of the Diyanet – maintaining control over the religious sphere of Islam in Turkey – has "largely been turned on its head. [144] Turkey under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and the AKP has been described as becoming increasingly authoritarian. [122][123], Between 9 October – 25 November 2019, Turkey conducted a military offensive into north-eastern Syria.[124][125][126]. It is estimated that there are at least 47 ethnic groups represented in Turkey. [clarification needed] For instance, the Turkish Civil Code has been modified by incorporating elements mainly of the Swiss Civil Code and Code of Obligations, and the German Commercial Code. [282] The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. [117], The reforms, combined with unprecedented amounts of funding from foreign loans, spurred rapid economic growth; but this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and financial crises in 1994, 1999 (following the earthquake in Izmit that year),[308] and 2001;[309] resulting in an average of 4 percent GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003. Countries By Percentage Of World Population, The Smallest Countries In The World By Total Land Area, Biggest Stadiums in The World By Capacity. [299] Turkey's gross external debt reached $453.2 billion at the end of December 2017. [365][366] The exact figure remains a subject of dispute; according to Servet Mutlu, "more often than not, these estimates reflect pro-Kurdish or pro-Turkish sympathies and attitudes rather than scientific facts or erudition". [138] The office of Prime Minister has been abolished and its powers (together with those of the Cabinet) have been transferred to the President, who is the head of state and is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. Local administrations were established to provide services in place and the government is represented by the province governors (vali) and town governors (kaymakam). It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralised state. The transition from Seljuk architecture to Ottoman architecture is most visible in Bursa, which was the capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1413. [72] The Ottoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues, such as those in 1538, 1571, 1684 and 1717 (composed primarily of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy), for the control of the Mediterranean Sea. The Turkish government has granted Turkish citizenship to refugees who have joined the Syrian National Army. The country's tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy was interrupted by military coups d'état in 1960 and 1980, as well as by military memorandums in 1971 and 1997. The disciples were first called Christians at Antioch", "The Encyclopædia Britannica: Latest Edition. La partie européenne de la Turquie est située à l'ouest du détroit du Bosphore et du détroit des Dardanelles. The lack of a defined border has led to some countries lying between the two continents, these countries are known as transcontinental countries. By Joseph Kiprop on February 14 2018 in World Facts. Charles A. Truxillo (2012), Jain Publishing Company, "Crusaders in the Far East: The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero-Islamic World War". 115-116. Impressionism, among the contemporary trends, appeared later on with Halil Pasha. [289] Turkish brands like Beko and Vestel are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in Europe, and invest a substantial amount of funds for research and development in new technologies related to these fields. Turkish cuisine was well established by the mid-1400s, the beginning of the Ottoman Empire's six hundred-year reign. [160], Turkey has adopted the principle of the separation of powers. [146][147][148][149] Even before the constitutional referendum in 2017 the Council of Europe said the country had autocratic tendencies and warned of a "dramatic regression of [Turkey's] democratic order". Turkey has grown through the years as a popular tourist destination. [11][original research? [502], The most popular sport in Turkey is association football. L'industrie des services contribue à 64.3% de l'économie, suivie du secteur industriel à 27.1% et de l'agriculture à 8.6%. Since the fall of the empire in World War I (1914–1918) and the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, foreign food such as French hollandaise sauce and Western fast food have made their way into the modern Turkish diet. [504] The Turkish national football team has won the bronze medal at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup and UEFA Euro 2008.[505]. The leading industries in the country include textiles, food processing, motor industry, electronics, tourism, mining steel, petroleum, lumber, and paper. Every fit male in Turkey is supposed to serve in the army for a period of three weeks to one year depending on the individual’s education and location. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyat-ı Cedîde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i Âtî (Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Millî Edebiyat (National Literature) movement. Notable players, directors and playwrights of Turkish theatre include Muhsin Ertuğrul, Haldun Taner, Aziz Nesin, Gülriz Sururi, Yıldız Kenter, Müşfik Kenter, Haldun Dormen, Sadri Alışık, Çolpan İlhan, Münir Özkul, Adile Naşit, Erol Günaydın, Gazanfer Özcan, Nejat Uygur, Genco Erkal, Metin Serezli, Nevra Serezli, Levent Kırca, Zeki Alasya, Metin Akpınar, Müjdat Gezen, Ferhan Şensoy, among others. The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether. The slow transition from a predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking Anatolia to a predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking one was underway. [282] In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). [131][132][133] Steps towards decentralisation[when?] People within the 15–64 age group constitute 67.4 percent of the total population; the 0–14 age group corresponds to 25.3 percent; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 7.3 percent. [20] In an effort to consolidate the weakening social and political foundations of the empire, Mahmud II started a period of modernisation in the early 19th century, bringing reforms in all areas of the state including the military and bureaucracy, along with the emancipation of all citizens. The Turkish Space Launch System (UFS) is a project to develop the satellite launch capability of Turkey. ], At various points in its history, the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the ancient Hattians and Hurrians, the Anatolian peoples such as the Hittites and Luwians, as well as the Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians, Galatians, and Armenians. [468] In the late 19th century, human figure in the Western sense was being established in Turkish painting, especially with Osman Hamdi Bey. [84][85][86][87] The Turkish government has refused to acknowledge the events as genocide and states that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone. La majorité des 227 îles habitées du pays sont plus proches de la Turquie que de son continent. [231][232] A full-scale insurgency began in 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. [447] This is compulsory and lasts twelve years: four years each of primary school, middle school and high school. [251], According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, the AKP government has waged one of the world's biggest crackdowns on media freedom. The Osman Gazi Bridge (2016) connects the northern and southern shores of the Gulf of İzmit. Turkey became a republic on October 29, 1923. [92], The occupation of Istanbul (1918) and İzmir (1919) by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish National Movement. [175] In 2012 Turkey became a dialogue partner of the SCO, and in 2013 became a member of the ACD. The International Monetary Fund describes Turkey's economy as an emerging market economy. The Tanzimat reforms introduced previously unknown Western genres, primarily the novel and the short story. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.[266]. [354] Other Turkish scientists include physician Hulusi Behçet who discovered Behçet's disease and mathematician Cahit Arf who defined the Arf invariant. [337] The Blue Stream, a major trans-Black Sea gas pipeline, delivers natural gas from Russia to Turkey. [191] Diplomatic relations with Israel were also severed after the Gaza flotilla raid in 2010, but were normalised following a deal in June 2016. During the war, the empire's Armenians were deported to Syria as part of the Armenian Genocide. Turkey has signed but not ratified global agreements on reducing greenhouse gas emissions: the country has not yet ratified the Kigali Accord to regulate hydrofluorocarbons, and is one of the few countries that have not ratified the Paris agreement on climate change. [93], The Montreux Convention (1936) restored Turkey's control over the Turkish Straits, including the right to militarise the coastlines of the Dardanelles and Bosporus straits and the Sea of Marmara, and to block maritime traffic in war time.[99]. Elle possède des frontières avec la Grèce, la Bulgarie, la Géorgie, l’ Arménie, l’ Azerbaïdjan (Nakhitchevan), l’ Iran… The understanding of perspective was different from that of the nearby European Renaissance painting tradition, and the scene depicted often included different time periods and spaces in one picture. The larger part of the country, 97%, is located in Anatolia, Western Asia, and the other region on the Balkan Peninsula is in Southeast Europe. The arrival of Islam and the development of Islamic art also influenced Turkish carpet design. For the newspaper, see, Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among its various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the Hamidian massacres of Armenians.[81]. The judiciary is nominally independent from the executive and the legislature, but the constitutional changes that came into effect with the referendums in 2007, 2010 and 2017 gave larger powers to the President and the ruling party for appointing or dismissing judges and prosecutors. In the early decades of the Turkish Republic, the government (or banks established and owned by the government, such as Türkiye İş Bankası (1924), Sanayi ve Maadin Bankası (1925), Emlak ve Eytam Bankası (1926), Central Bank of Turkey (1930), Sümerbank (1933), İller Bankası (1933), Etibank (1935), Denizbank (1937), Halk Bankası (1938), etc.) [233][234][235][236] Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 people have died, most of whom were Turkish Kurds. [529][530], This article is about the country. In 1948 both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and the OEEC for rebuilding European economies. [17] Beginning in the late 13th century, the Ottomans started uniting the beyliks and conquering the Balkans. However, in 1993, Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, and it remains closed. [409], The most popular sect is the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam. Executive power is exercised by the President, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, called the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south. [460], In 2015, life expectancy was 72.6 years for men and 78.9 for women, with an overall average of 75.8. The country is one of the members of the organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The text of this manuscript was rendered in a delicate cut paper découpage calligraphy by Mehmed bin Gazanfer and completed in 1540, and features many marbled and decorative paper borders. [64][65] Thus, alongside the Turkification of the territory, the culturally Persianized Seljuks set the basis for a Turko-Persian principal culture in Anatolia,[66] which their eventual successors, the Ottomans, would take over.[67][68]. [140], Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933 and before most countries, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. [28] Turkey's economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power and a newly industrialized state by several analysts,[29][30][31] while its location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history. [182] In the post–Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. [281], The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the European Parliament called on the EU governments to suspend Turkey's accession talks; which, despite being stalled since 2018, remain active as of 2020. The Turkification of Anatolia increased during the Ottoman period. [526], Yeşilçam is the sobriquet that refers to the Turkish film art and industry. As a result, an estimated 800,000 to 1,500,000 Armenians were killed. [486] The Ottoman era waterfront houses (yalı) on the Bosphorus also reflect the fusion between classical Ottoman and European architectural styles during the aforementioned period. There are 600 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representation system from 85 electoral districts. Le Fonds monétaire international décrit l'économie turque comme une économie de marché émergente. The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, who personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. [369][original research?] Renewable energy in Turkey is being increased and Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant is being built on the Mediterranean coast: but despite national electricity generation overcapacity fossil fuels are still subsidized. [386][387] It is spoken by 85.54 percent of the population as a first language. [13] Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family:[40] and, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. [402] The Justice and Development Party (AKP) government, in power since 2002, pursue an explicit policy of Islamization of education to "raise a devout generation" against secular resistance,[403][404] in the process causing lost jobs and educational opportunities for non-religious citizens of Turkey. Today there are numerous private theatres in the country, together with those which are subsidised by the government, such as the Turkish State Theatres. Following a decade of Cypriot intercommunal violence and the coup in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 staged by the EOKA B paramilitary organisation, which overthrew President Makarios and installed the pro-Enosis (union with Greece) Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July 1974 by unilaterally exercising Article IV in the Treaty of Guarantee (1960), but without restoring the status quo ante at the end of the military operation. Intermittent supply, which was common in many cities, has become less frequent. [250] 160 journalists have been imprisoned. [224], In the 2016 Global Peace Index, Turkey ranked 145th out of 163 countries in the world, mainly because of its "increasingly strained relations with its neighbors", according to Forbes. [484] Mimar Sinan (c.1489–1588) was the most important architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. Starting from the 11th-century, the traditions of the Seljuk Turks blended with those of the indigenous peoples of Anatolia and the interaction between diverse cultures paved the way for new plays. [280], Renowned domestic animals from Ankara, the capital of Turkey, include the Angora cat, Angora rabbit and Angora goat; and from Van Province the Van cat. We will never accept the accusations of genocide". [319] In 2009, after only four years in circulation, the Turkish new lira was renamed back to the Turkish lira with the introduction of new banknotes and coins. Since the 18th century, Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by European styles, and this can be particularly seen in the Tanzimat era buildings of Istanbul like the Dolmabahçe, Çırağan, Feriye, Beylerbeyi, Küçüksu, Ihlamur and Yıldız palaces, which were all designed by members of the Balyan family of Ottoman Armenian court architects. Turkey became one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963. [179][180] The Truman Doctrine in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece during the Cold War, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support. [462] Air pollution in Turkey is a health risk due to burning fossil fuels,[463] and vehicle emissions. [212], Turkey has the second-largest standing military force in NATO, after the US Armed Forces, with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces, according to a 2011 NATO estimate. The country is the 14th largest producer of motor vehicles. Turkey has a unitary structure in terms of administration and this aspect is one of the most important factors shaping the Turkish public administration. [379], Before the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011, the estimated number of Arabs in Turkey varied from 1 million to more than 2 million. The mix of cultural influences in Turkey is dramatised, for example, in the form of the "new symbols of the clash and interlacing of cultures" enacted in the novels of Orhan Pamuk, recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.[477]. In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. [478] Göktürk-1, Göktürk-2 and Göktürk-3 are Turkey's Earth observation satellites for reconnaissance, operated by the Turkish Ministry of National Defense. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. [11][original research?] The Asian part of the country mostly consists of the peninsula of Anatolia, which consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south. Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms, all of which became part of the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC. Other important movements in Turkish painting were the "Yeniler Grubu" (The Newcomers Group) of the late 1930s; the "On'lar Grubu" (Group of Ten) of the 1940s; the "Yeni Dal Grubu" (New Branch Group) of the 1950s; and the "Siyah Kalem Grubu" (Black Pen Group) of the 1960s. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe. The territory of Turkey later fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC,[54] which led to increasing cultural homogeneity and Hellenization in the area.[13]. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament. During its long history, the art and craft of the woven carpet has integrated different cultural traditions. In the Caucasus campaign, however, the Russian forces had the upper hand from the beginning, especially after the Battle of Sarikamish (1914–1915). BILSAT-1 and RASAT are the scientific Earth observation satellites operated by the TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute. La Crète est la plus grande des îles grecques avec une superficie de 8.336 kilomètres carrés. [334] Opened in 2013, the Marmaray tunnel under the Bosphorus connects the railway and metro lines of Istanbul's European and Asian sides; while the nearby Eurasia Tunnel (2016) provides an undersea road connection for motor vehicles. [270] Anatolia is the homeland of many plants that have been cultivated for food since the advent of agriculture, and the wild ancestors of many plants that now provide staples for humankind still grow in Turkey. The Mevlevi Order of dervishes, which was established in Konya during the 13th century by Sufi poet Celaleddin Rumi, played a significant role in the Islamization of the diverse people of Anatolia who had previously been Hellenized. Par exemple, l'île contestée de Kastellorizo se trouve à 2 kilomètres de la Turquie, c'est-à-dire à un court trajet en bateau et à 520 kilomètres de la Grèce, soit un vol de deux heures. [213][needs update] Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. [453] According to the 2012–2013 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the top university in Turkey is Middle East Technical University, followed by Bilkent University and Koç University, Istanbul Technical University and Boğaziçi University. These were initially about Ottoman territorial expansion and consolidation in southeastern and eastern Europe; but starting from the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), they became more about the survival of the Ottoman Empire, which had begun to lose its strategic territories on the northern Black Sea coast to the advancing Russians. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others. [344] Turkey has the fifth-highest direct utilisation and capacity of geothermal power in the world. Fenerbahçe won the 2010 FIVB Women's Club World Championship and the 2012 CEV Women's Champions League. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. [61], The House of Seljuk originated from the Kınık branch of the Oghuz Turks who resided on the periphery of the Muslim world, in the Yabgu Khaganate of the Oğuz confederacy, to the north of the Caspian and Aral Seas, in the 9th century. In 1950 Turkey became a member of the Council of Europe. [527], Despite legal provisions, media freedom in Turkey has steadily deteriorated from 2010 onwards, with a precipitous decline following the failed coup attempt on 15 July 2016. Turkey's extraordinary ecosystem and habitat diversity has produced considerable species diversity. The Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, and the Bosphorus separate the Asian and European sides of Turkey. The number of animal species in the whole of Europe is around 60,000, while in Turkey there are over 80,000 (over 100,000 counting the subspecies). [405] However, AKP policies have also caused an increase in interest and support for secularism in Turkey. The cave churches in Cappadocia were among the hiding places of early Christians during the Roman persecutions against them. [272] The narrow coastal strip between the Pontic Mountains and the Black Sea is home to the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests, which contain some of the world's few temperate rainforests. [102] In the following year, the single-party period in Turkey came to an end, with the first multiparty elections in 1946. [389], Religion in Turkey (2019)[390][391][392][393], Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience. The undersea pipeline, Turkish Stream, with an annual capacity around 63 billion cubic metres (2,200 billion cubic feet), will allow Turkey to resell Russian gas to Europe.
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