Hegel secured a position at the University of Jena as a Privatdozent (unsalaried lecturer) after submitting the inaugural dissertation De Orbitis Planetarum, in which he briefly criticized arguments that assert—based on Bode's Law or other arbitrary choice of mathematical series—there must exist a planet between Mars and Jupiter. A diverse range of individuals including Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, Franz Rosenzweig, Eric Voegelin and A. J. Ayer have challenged Hegelian philosophy from a variety of perspectives. [37] Paul Tillich wrote that the historical dialectical thought of Hegel "has influenced world history more profoundly than any other structural analysis. His hopes of more companionship, however, were unfulfilled: Hölderlin was engrossed in an illicit love affair and shortly lost his reason. Illustrated Hegel Biography V. 1.07.07 YOUTH IN STUTTGART AND TÜBINGEN GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL (his close family called him simply, “Wilhelm”) was born in Stuttgart on the 27th of August 1770. The following February marked the birth of Hegel's illegitimate son, Georg Ludwig Friedrich Fischer (1807–1831), as the result of an affair with Hegel's landlady Christiana Burkhardt née Fischer (who had been abandoned by her husband). On the day before the battle, Napoleon entered the city of Jena. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Né le : 27/08/1770 Décédé le : 14/11/1831. Publisher’s description: One of the founders of modern philosophical thought Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) has gained the reputation of being one of the most abstruse and impenetrable of thinkers. In 1817, Hegel published The Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline as a summary of his philosophy for students attending his lectures at Heidelberg. Hegel preserved this essential Platonic and Kantian concern in the form of infinity going beyond the finite (a process that Hegel in fact related to "freedom" and the "ought"),[95]:133–136, 138 the universal going beyond the particular (in the Concept) and Spirit going beyond Nature. Now in a weak state of health, Hegel seldom went out. The second essay was an answer to the question of how Christianity had ever become the authoritarian religion that it was, if in fact the teaching of Jesus was not authoritarian but rationalistic. If you are interested in the title for your course we can consider offering an examination copy. [62] Sharing a dislike for what they regarded as the restrictive environment of the Seminary, the three became close friends and mutually influenced each other's ideas. Hegel's remaining two sons—Karl, who became a historian; and Immanuel [de], who followed a theological path—lived long and safeguarded their father's manuscripts and letters, and produced editions of his works. His master–slave dialectic has been influential, especially in 20th-century France. Published in 2000, this is the first major biography of Hegel in English. With his finances drying up quickly, Hegel was under great pressure to deliver his book, the long-promised introduction to his philosophical system. Among the first to take a critical view of Hegel's system was the 19th-century German group known as the Young Hegelians, which included Feuerbach, Marx, Engels and their followers. Comme l’a fait remarquer Terry Pinkard dans sa biographie de Hegel : “Aussi rebelle qu’il fût contre les voies du Séminaire de Hegel, il est devenu est resté l’homme travailleur et sérieux qu’il a toujours été ; ses amis à la le Séminaire le surnommait”le vieil homme" (…). However, Hegel interprets not-A as not existing at all, not nothing at all, which cannot be conceived, but an indeterminate or "pure" being without particularity or specificity. Author's preface to "On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of sufficient reason. His work, following upon that of Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and Friedrich Schelling, thus marks the pinnacle of classical German philosophy. The infinitude of spirit is its inwardness, in an abstract sense its pure inwardness, and this is its thought, and this abstract thought is a real present infinitude, while its concrete inwardness consists in the fact that this thought is Spirit. [105] Pure being and pure non-being or nothingness are, for Hegel, abstractions from the reality of becoming and this is also how he interprets Heraclitus. However, Hegel himself describes the system as a "circle of circles:", ...the science presents itself as a circle that winds around itself, where the mediation winds the end back to the beginning which is the simple ground; the circle is thus a circle of circles, for each single member ensouled by the method is reflected into itself so that, in returning to the beginning it is at the same time the beginning of a new member.[92]. Terry Pinkard situates Hegel firmly in the historical context of his times. [118], Hegel seemed to have an ambivalent relationship with magic, myth and Paganism. Born on 27 August 1770 in Stuttgart, Württemberg, Germany, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a philosopher, author, and a key component among classical German philosophers. Though he then took the theological course, he was impatient with the orthodoxy of his teachers; and the certificate given to him when he left in 1793 states that, whereas he had devoted himself vigorously to philosophy, his industry in theology was intermittent. What distinguishes them from materialists like Epicurus and Thomas Hobbes and from empiricists like David Hume, is that they regarded freedom or self-determination as real and having important ontological implications for soul or mind or divinity. Hegel's thinking can be understood as a constructive development within the broad tradition that includes Plato and Immanuel Kant. [149] This concept of Hegel as a hermetic thinker was elaborated by Glenn Alexander Magee,[150] who argued that interpreting Hegel's body of work as an expression of mysticism and hermetic ideas leads to a more accurate understanding of Hegel. In his posthumously published Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, Part 3, Hegel is particularly interested in demonstrations of God's existence and the ontological proof. For Hegel, reason is "speculative" – not "dialectical". Hegel's mother, Maria Magdalena Louisa (née Fromm), was the daughter of a lawyer at the High Court of Justice at the Württemberg court. Lectures on the Philosophy of History, also translated as Lectures on the Philosophy of World History is a major work by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831), originally given as lectures at the University of Berlin in 1822, 1828, and 1830. Il défend dans un ouvrage la pensée de son ami Schelling contre celle de Fichte, ce qui le fait connaître. In Britain, the Hegelian British idealism school (members of which included Francis Herbert Bradley, Bernard Bosanquet and in the United States Josiah Royce) was challenged and rejected by analytic philosophers Moore and Russell. Hegel's main philosophical project was to take these contradictions and tensions and interpret them as part of a comprehensive, evolving, rational unity that in different contexts he called "the absolute Idea" (Science of Logic, sections 1781–1783) or "absolute knowledge" (Phenomenology of Spirit, "(DD) Absolute Knowledge"). For discussion of the various schools of Hegelian thought, see Hegelianism. Whatever the nous thinks at any time is actual substance and is identical to limited being, but more remains in the substrate of non-being, which is identical to pure or unlimited thought. It was written in Hegel's hand, but may have been authored by Hegel, Schelling, Hölderlin, or an unknown fourth person.[67]. "[57][58], Hegel was born on 27 August 1770 in Stuttgart, capital of the Duchy of Württemberg in southwestern Germany. Twentieth-century interpretations of Hegel were mostly shaped by British idealism, logical positivism, Marxism and Fascism. Walter Jaeschke [de] and Otto Pöggeler in Germany as well as Peter Hodgson and Howard Kainz in the United States are notable for their recent contributions to post-Soviet Union thinking about Hegel. "Why did Hegel not become for the Protestant world something similar to what Thomas Aquinas was for Roman Catholicism?" Crédit Photo Hegel's influence was immense in philosophy and other sciences. those written before The Phenomenology of Spirit). In fact, Hegel himself argued, in his Science of Logic, that German was particularly conducive to philosophical thought. The idea of the absolute excludes multiplicity so the subjective and objective must achieve synthesis to become whole. [44][45][46][47][48][49] Derrida wrote of Hegel in his work Of Grammatology that "he undoubtedly summed up the entire philosophy of the logos. This period saw the publication of his second major work, the Science of Logic (Wissenschaft der Logik; 3 vols., 1812, 1813 and 1816), and the birth of his two legitimate sons, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (1813–1901) and Immanuel Thomas Christian (1814–1891). Because every concept is a composite of contraries (value is black and white, temperature is hot and cold, etc. When he entered the Latin School two years later, he already knew the first declension, having been taught it by his mother. [59][77] His last words are said to have been, "There was only one man who ever understood me, and even he didn't understand me. Each is avowedly influenced by the late Wilfred Sellars, also of Pittsburgh, who referred to his Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind (1956) as a series of "incipient Méditations Hegeliennes" (in homage to Edmund Husserl's 1931 Méditations cartésiennes). [148], Voegelin argued that Hegel should be understood not as a philosopher, but as a "sorcerer", i.e. Each new logic book staked a new claim in a century-long expansionist turf war among philosophical trends.[79]. [136] The Swiss theologian Hans Küng has also advanced contemporary Hegelian scholarship. Doctrines of judgment investigate relations of subject and predicate; and doctrines of inference lay out the forms of syllogisms originally found in Aristotelian term logic. The structure of Hegel's Logic appears to exhibit self-similarity, with sub-sections, in their treatment of more specific subject matter, resembling the treatment of the whole. ), a practice that goes back to Plato's Sophist and Aristotle's Categories. "Rezension des Aenesidemus" ("Review of Aenesidemus"), This term is actually quite rare in Hegel's writings. To this list, one could add Proclus, Meister Eckhart, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Plotinus, Jakob Böhme, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Regarded from the standpoint of division or disunion, its potential Being is for it an Other, and it itself is natural will; it is divided within itself, and this division is so far its feeling or consciousness of a contradiction, and there is thus given along with it the necessity for the abolition of the contradiction. Kant imported Plato's high esteem of individual sovereignty into his considerations of moral and noumenal freedom as well as of God. Throughout the 19th century, many chairs of philosophy around Europe were held by Hegelians and Søren Kierkegaard, Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels—among many others—were deeply influenced by, but also strongly opposed to many of Hegel's central philosophical themes. Critiques of Hegel offered by the Left Hegelians radically diverted Hegel's thinking into new directions and eventually came to form a large part of the literature on and about Hegel. The triadic form that appears in many places in Hegel (e.g. The result of this argument is that finite and infinite—particular and universal, nature and freedom—do not face one another as independent realities, but instead the latter, in each case, is the self-transcending of the former. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Biography, Contact Details, Address, Phone Number – contact number, house address, biography, email ID, website and other contact information is listed here with the residence or house address. American philosophers associated with this movement include Lawrence Stepelevich, Rudolf Siebert, Richard Dien Winfield and Theodore Geraets. Mit Kommentar zur Einführung in seine Philosophie, Heidelberg 1949. She died of bilious fever(Gallenfieber) when Hegel w… It was spread by Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus in accounts of Hegelian philosophy and, since then, the terms have been used for this type of framework. Hegel devoted himself primarily to delivering lectures; his lectures on aesthetics, the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of history and the history of philosophy were published posthumously from students' notes. Within this work, the category of life is conceived to be the absolute idea in the form of the subjective concept; an illustrative contrast may be seen in contrasting this with how the category of cognition is thought as being the absolute idea in the form of the judgement. [108] He espouses that "God is not an abstraction but a concrete God [...] God, considered in terms of his eternal Idea, has to generate the Son, has to distinguish himself from himself; he is the process of differentiating, namely, love and Spirit". In 1788 Hegel went as a student to Tübingen with a view to taking orders, as his parents wished. This focus on freedom is what generates Plato's notion (in the Phaedo, Republic and Timaeus) of the soul as having a higher or fuller kind of reality than that possessed by inanimate objects. [97], "Mind" and "Spirit" are the common English translations of Hegel's use of the German "Geist", which combines the meaning of spirit—as in god, ghost, or mind—with an intentional force. Doctrines of concept address the systematic, hierarchical relations of the most general classes of things. [117], Spirit is immortal; it is eternal; and it is immortal and eternal in virtue of the fact that it is infinite, that it has no such spatial finitude as we associate with the body; when we speak of it being five feet in height, two feet in breadth and thickness, that it is not the Now of time, that the content of its knowledge does not consist of these countless midges, that its volition and freedom have not to do with the infinite mass of existing obstacles, nor of the aims and activities which such resisting obstacles and hindrances have to encounter. While it appears that he felt that a civil society, such as the one in which he lived, was an inevitable step in the dialectic, he allowed for the crushing of other "lesser," not fully realized civil societies as they were not fully conscious of their lack of progress. Achat Hegel - Biographie à prix bas sur Rakuten. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (Stuttgart, actual Alemania, 1770 - Berlín, 1831) Filósofo alemán. (Hegel, "How the Ordinary Human Understanding Takes Philosophy as displayed in the works of Mr. Krug", Jon Bartley Stewart. In 1802, Schelling and Hegel founded the journal Kritische Journal der Philosophie (Critical Journal of Philosophy) to which they contributed until the collaboration ended when Schelling left for Würzburg in 1803. Nicht mit der Welt, sondern mit der Freiheit bringt Klaus Vieweg Hegel schon im Titel seiner Biographie zusammen. Hegel was fascinated by the works of Kant, Rousseau and Johann Wolfgang Goethe and by the French Revolution. In his discussion of "Spirit" in his Encyclopedia, Hegel praises Aristotle's On the Soul as "by far the most admirable, perhaps even the sole, work of philosophical value on this topic". (deutschsprachig). This article treats Hegel’s life, thought, and influence. He studied in Stuttgart, and after graduating from the gymnasium there he began to study philosophy and theology in the seminary in Tübingen. Just as humans continually correct their concept of reality through a dialectical process, God becomes more fully manifested through the dialectical process of becoming. Benedetto Croce, Ce qui est vivant et ce qui est mort de la philosophie de Hegel, Giard & Brière, 1910; D. Rosca, L'influence de Taine sur Hegel, théoricien de la connaissance et de l'art, Paris, J. Gamber, 1928. The "thesis–antithesis–synthesis" approach erroneously gives the sense that things or ideas are contradicted or opposed by things that come from outside them. Hegel died in 1831. [98], Central to Hegel's conception of knowledge, mind, and reality was identity in difference; mind externalizes itself in various forms and objects and stands outside or opposed to them and, through recognizing itself in them, is "with itself" in these external manifestations so that they are at one and the same time mind and other-than-mind. Resources on Georg Hegel "Hegel, Georg" in Penny Cyclopedia, 1838 "Hegel, Georg" in 1880, Allgemeine Deutsche Biography [] "Hegel, Georg", in L.B. The speculative identity of mind and nature suggests that reason and history progress in the direction of the Absolute by traversing various stages of relative immaturity, just like a sapling or a child, overcoming necessary setbacks and obstacles along the way (see Progress below). ); 1984; "[T]he task that touches the interest of philosophy most nearly at the present moment: to put God back at the peak of philosophy, absolutely prior to all else as the one and only ground of everything." This is because, as Hegel suggested by his introduction of the concept of "reality",[95]:111 what determines itself—rather than depending on its relations to other things for its essential character—is more fully "real" (following the Latin etymology of "real", more "thing-like") than what does not. [140] Kierkegaard criticized Hegel's "absolute knowledge" unity. Christened Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, he was known as Wilhelm to his close family. He also studied the critical philosopher Immanuel Kant and was stimulated by his essay on religion to write certain papers that became noteworthy only when, more than a century later, they were published as a part of Hegels theologische Jugendschriften (1907; Early Theological Writings). In 1801, Hegel came to Jena at the encouragement of his old friend Schelling, who held the position of Extraordinary Professor at the University of Jena. Terry Pinkard situates Hegel firmly in the historical context of his times. Hegel, at this time, envisaged his future as that of a Popularphilosoph, (a "man of letters") who serves to make the abstruse ideas of philosophers accessible to a wider public; his own felt need to engage critically with the central ideas of Kantianism did not come until 1800. Nevertheless, Hegel assumed that his readers are well-versed in Western philosophy. This first major biography of Hegel in English offers not only a complete, up-to-date account of the life, but also an overview of the key philosophical concepts in Hegel's work in an accessible style. During this period, he composed the text which has become known as the Life of Jesus and a book-length manuscript titled "The Positivity of the Christian Religion". Like Plato, with his dualism of soul versus bodily appetites, Kant pursued the mind's ability to question its felt inclinations or appetites and to come up with a standard of "duty" (or, in Plato's case, "good") which transcends bodily restrictiveness. [130], The Left Hegelians also influenced Marxism, which has in turn inspired global movements, from the Russian Revolution, the Chinese Revolution and myriad of practices up until the present moment.[130]. Karen Ng writes that "there is a central, recurring rhetorical device that Hegel returns to again and again throughout his philosophical system: that of describing the activity of reason and thought in terms of the dynamic activity and development of organic life. For Hegel, analysis or comprehension of a thing or idea reveals that underneath its apparently simple identity or unity is an underlying inner contradiction. Unable to find more suitable employment, Hegel reluctantly accepted. [107] His thoughts on the person of Jesus Christ stood out from the theologies of the Enlightenment. Hegel began to suffer from melancholia and, to cure himself, worked harder than ever, especially at Greek philosophy and modern history and politics. Updates? According to Benedetto Croce, the Italian Fascist Giovanni Gentile "holds the honor of having been the most rigorous neo-Hegelian in the entire history of Western philosophy and the dishonor of having been the official philosopher of Fascism in Italy". T. R. Vickroy and Susan E. Blow—who were both minor associates of the St. Louis Hegelians—independently of each other translated various chapters from Göschel's book into English, and had their translations published in. Here, Hegel published his Philosophy of Right (1821). the constitutional state of free citizens). For the next three years he lived in Berne, with time on his hands and the run of a good library, where he read Edward Gibbon on the fall of the Roman Empire and De l’esprit des loix (1750; The Spirit of Laws), by Charles Louis, baron de Montesquieu, as well as the Greek and Roman classics. Scholars continue to point out Hegelian influences in a range of theoretical and/or learned works, such as Carl von Clausewitz's book on strategic thought, On War (1831). They emphasised the compatibility between Hegel’sphilosophy and Christianity. The State involves three "moments". the French Revolution) would cause the creation of its "antithesis" (e.g. With the possible exception of the study of inference, what was called "logic" in nineteenth-century Europe (and so Hegel's Logic) bears little resemblance to what logicians study today. The universe as becoming is a combination of being and non-being. At the time of Hegel’s death, he was the most prominent philosopherin Germany. [96] Böhme had written that the Fall of Man was a necessary stage in the evolution of the universe. [85] However, regardless of its status as a formal logic, Hegel clearly understood the course of his logic to be reflected in the course of history: ...different stages of the logical Idea assume the shape of successive systems, each based on a particular definition of the Absolute. Logic, particularly the doctrine of the concept, was metaphysics; it was the search for a fundamental ontological structure within the relations of the most basic predicates (quantity, time, place etc. Son jeune frère … Hegel was the last of the great philosophical system builders of modern times. p. 100, In the 1870s and 1880s, Rev. Son père Georg Ludwig Hegel (1733-1799) est fonctionnaire à la Cour des comptes du duc Charles II de Wurtemberg. [87] Hegel understood the history of philosophy to be a trans-historical socratic argument concerning the identity of the Absolute. Hegel's categories are, in part, carried over from his Lectures on the History of Philosophy. Hegel's State is the final culmination of the embodiment of freedom or right (Rechte) in the Elements of the Philosophy of Right. [143] Russell wrote in A History of Western Philosophy (1945) that Hegel was "the hardest to understand of all the great philosophers". [134] The Hegel renaissance also highlighted the significance of Hegel's early works (i.e. For his god, Hegel does not take the logos of Heraclitus but refers to the nous of Anaxagoras, although he may well have regarded them the same as he continues to refer to god's plan, which is identical to God. This liberal distinction between political society and civil society was used by Alexis de Tocqueville. the subjective side of knowledge and will, with its life, movement, and activity" (thesis and antithesis), he did not use "synthesis", but instead spoke of the "Whole": "We then recognised the State as the moral Whole and the Reality of Freedom, and consequently as the objective unity of these two elements". Schopenhauer, Arthur. Hegel accepted this teaching; but, being more of a historian than Kant was, he put it to the test of history by writing two essays. This was due to (a) the rediscovery and re-evaluation of Hegel as a possible philosophical progenitor of Marxism by philosophically oriented Marxists; (b) a resurgence of Hegel's historical perspective; and (c) an increasing recognition of the importance of his dialectical method. His father, Georg Ludwig, was Rentkammersekretär (secretary to the revenue office) at the court of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg. The direct and indirect influence of Kojève's lectures and writings (on The Phenomenology of Spirit in particular) mean that it is not possible to understand most French philosophers from Jean-Paul Sartre to Jacques Derrida without understanding Hegel. Herbert L. and Patricia Allen Dreyfus). The rational, self-conscious whole is not a thing or being that lies outside of other existing things or minds. The origin of philosophy is to be dated from Heraclitus. This contradiction leads to the dissolution of the thing or idea in the simple form in which it presented to a higher-level, more complex thing or idea that more adequately incorporates the contradiction. Katherine Marie Heigl (/ ˈ h aɪ ɡ əl /; born November 24, 1978) is an American actress and former fashion model. This sparked a renewed interest in Hegel reflected in the work of Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Ernst Bloch, Raya Dunayevskaya, Alexandre Kojève and Gotthard Günther among others. "[50] In his work Systematic Theology, theologian Paul Tillich referred to Hegel's work as "perfect essentialism," later writing "essentialism was in Hegel's system fulfilled. While Aristotle criticized Plato's "Forms", he preserved Plato's ontological implications for self-determination: ethical reasoning, the soul's pinnacle in the hierarchy of nature, the order of the cosmos and reasoned arguments for a prime mover. His relations with his employers becoming strained, Hegel accepted an offer mediated by Hölderlin to take up a similar position with a wine merchant's family in Frankfurt in 1797. In 1776, he entered Stuttgart's gymnasium illustre and during his adolescence read voraciously, copying lengthy extracts in his diary. Since human thought is the image and fulfillment of God's thought, God can be understood by an analysis of thought and reality. All three together are called "ethical life" (Sittlichkeit). American author and professor Terry Pinkard’s comprehensive biographical survey of the life and ideas of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Hegel: A Biography (2000), is "the only substantial biography of Hegel" that's been published since 1844, according to The New York Review of Books' Anthony Quinton. Hegel worked as a private tutor (1793–1801), an unpaid lecturer (1801–05) and extraordinary professor (1805–07) at the University of Jena, a newspaper editor (1807–08), a rector of an academic preparatory school (1808–16), and a professor of philosophy at the Universities of Heidelberg (1816–18) and Berlin (1818–31). Hegel sees relational and metaphysical unities between Jesus and God the Father.
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